Another Review

Today in west civ Matt and Phil did a review for our class. in 520 pope Benedict writes rules for monks. His sister Scholastica writes similar rules for nuns. Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies. most of the rest of Europe consists of smaller kingdoms (seven in England alone). Charles Martel's son is Pepin the short. the second son of Pepin was known as Charlemagne, meaning Charles the great.

last review on the middle ages

Today in west civ we did the last review on the middle ages. There will be a test next week. We only have three days next week and one Monday after that until exams. we just took more notes on the middle ages. than at the end of class we were allowed to do homework.

new middle ages 2

setting the stage
middle ages- 476-1453 AD
this new society has roots in:
- classical heritage of Rome
- beliefs of the roman catholic church
Overrun the western half of the roman empire
- disruption of trade
- downfall of cities
- population shifts to rural areas
Germanic kingdoms emerge
- Germanic warriors loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them w/ food, weapons and treasure.

middle ages

A European Empire Evolves

- franks control largest European kingdom
- the roman province formerly known as Gaul
- ruled by Clovis - the Merovingian dynasty
- major domo - mayor of the palace - ruled the kingdom
- Charles Martel Charles the hammer
- extended the franks reign to the north, south and east
- defeated Muslim army from Spain at the battle of tours in 732
- Charles the hammer had a son - Pepin the short
- possibly named for his unusual hair cut
- working for and with the pope, Pepin fought the Lombards
- Pope Stephen II named pepin "king by the grace of God" - beginning the Carolingian Dynasty

Charlemagne takes center stage 

- Charlemagne - aka Charles the Great
- six foot four
- built the greatest empire since rome
- fought the muslems in spain
- fought Germanic tribes
- spread Christianty
- reunited western Europe
- became the most powerful king in western Europe
- pope leo III crowned him emperor in 800 AD after he defended him from an unruly roman mob
- he limited the authority of the nobles
- he regularly visited every part of his kingdom
-  kept close watch on his huge estates
- encouraged learning
- ordered monasteries to open schools

After Rome Fell

Germanic kingdoms unite under Charlemagne

- main Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the roman empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire.
- Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from.
- middle ages = medieval period
- 500-1500 AD
- medieval Europe is fragmented
- invasions trigger changes in western Europe.
- invasions and constant warfare spark new trends

disruption of trade

- Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
- money is scarce
- cities are no longer centers of administration
- nobles retreat to the rural areas
- cities don't have strong leadership

Decline of learning

- Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition
- only priests and church officials could read an write
- knowledge of Greek an literature, science, philosophy is almost lost

Germanic kingdoms emerge

-the concept of government changes
- roman society loyal to public gov't
- Germanic society loyal to families
- Germanic chief led warriors
- during wartime warriors fought for the lord
- people did not complain about the king
- the franks under clovis
- another battlefield conversion, just like Constantine
- clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop
- the church in rome approves of this alliance
- clovis and the church begin to work together

Germanic peoples adopt Christianity

- papacy= pope's office
- secular power= worldly power
- the church can use church money to
               raise armies
               repair roads
               help the poor
- Gregory the great began to act as mayor of rome, and as head of an earthly kingdom Christendom
- 511 AD - clovis unites franks into one kingdom
- 600 AD - church + Frankish rulers convert many
- fear of muslems in southern Europe spur many to become Christians
- 520 AD - benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries

Middle Ages

- Feudalism - a political, military and economic system based on land - holding and protective alliances.
- Lord- needs people to work his land and defend it.
- vassals- there were a lot of these people, they can help the rich keep their land.
- serf- the slaves of the time, they were farmers who worked for the rich people. landless, powerless, moneyless.

Manor- the lords estate
 - the lords manor house
 - a church
 - some workshops
 - 15-30 families
 - all on a few square miles

Peasants are poor and pay high taxes
 - tax on grain
 - tax on marriage
 - church tax (tithe = 10% of their income)
 - they lived in crowed cottages
 - lived with animals and insects
 - ate very simply

Rome notes

After Rome-
-the two centuries after the fall of rome were a time of turmoil in Europe that would continue for five hundred years.
- in the Germanic kingdoms that had taken over the western half of the Roman empire.
- Christendom- mix between Christianity and a kingdom
- they start speaking Greek instead of Latin

CHRONOLOGY-

FIFTH CENTURY - angles and Saxons invade Britain

486- Clovis leads Frankish confederacy against Romans and rival Germanic invaders in Gaul.

527-565 - reign of emperor Justinian in the eastern empire

542- Plague hits Egypt, then spreads and throughout the Mediterranean area  much of western Europe

568- Lombard's conquer most of northern Italy

570-632- life of Muhammad

595- missionaries sent by the pope begin to convert the pagans of England

711- Muslim invasion of Spain

800- Slavs occupy almost all of eastern Europe

Test Tommorow

DIOCLETIAN
- HE RULES FROM 284 - 303
- ITS COOL TO PERSECUTE CHRISTIANS
- ROME NEEDS A BIG ARMY (400,000 STRONG)
- ROME NEEDS A BIG GOVERNMENT (20,000 OFFICALS)

CONSTANTINE
- RULES FROM 306 - 337
- ITS COOL TO BE A CHRISTIAN
- CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANTY VIA A CROSS IN THE SKY (CONQUER BY THIS)
- 313 - HIS EDICT OF MILAN PROCLAIMS FREEDOM OF WORSHIP
- BUILT A NEW CAPTIAL IN THE EAST
- BYZANTIUM, SOON TO BE KNOWN AS CONSTANTINOPLE

THE STRUGGLE OF THE PEASANTS
LIFE IN THE FOURTH CENTURY
- COUNTRY DWELLERS ARE GETTING BANKRUPED BY ENDLESS TAX COLLECTION
- NEW FARMING SYSTEM: PEASANTS WORK FOR ELITE LANDLORDS ON LARGE FARMS
- PEASANTS CAN AVOID PAYING TAXES, BUT THEY ARE GETTING HIT JUST AS HARD BY THE LANDLORDS

THE WESTERN EMPIRE CRUMBLES
- ROMES POWER IS DECREASING, WHILE NOMADIC BARBARINS GAIN POWER
- WESTERN EMPIRE IS TOO POOR, BEGINS TO BE NEGLECTED
- HUNS MIGRATE FROM CHINA TO EASTERN EUROPE

END OF AN ERA
- 500 BC - THE MONARCHY IS ABOLISHED
- 450 BC - THE TWELVE TABLES ARE ESTABLISHED
- 44 BC - END OF THE LINE FOR JULIUS CAESAR
- 27 BC - 180 AD - THE ROMAN PEACE (PAX ROMANA)

the fall of the roman empire

Rise of Christianity-
- Christians and jews were monotheistic religions
- this conflicted with roman beliefs
- persecution against both was common
- AD 313: Constantine has a battlefield conversion
- he issues the edict of Milan
- not only non persecution, but actual approval of Christianity, eventually making it the official religion of Rome.
- the roman empire and Christianity are now linked in power and influence

Decline of the roman empire-
- economic trade became risky
- military frontiers were hard to patrol, roman generals fought for control, soldiers loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared
- Greek- speaking east had more resources
- AD 324 Constantine becomes emperor over both halves of the empire
- moves the capital from Rome to Byzantium which was renamed Constantinople, where Asia met Europe which is now turkey.

THE CHANGING WORLD OF ROME

THE CHANGING WORLD OF ROME: EMPERORS, CHRISTIANS, AND INVADERS-
- GENTILES- a term for non-Jews; Christians used it to refer to worshipers of the gods and goddesses.
LO1 THE JEWS IN THE WORLD OF GREECE AND ROME
- Christianity began as one of many Jewish religious groups, each of which had its own answer to a disturbing question that faced the Jews as a whole.
- the Jews believed that God had already revealed his will to them through prophets and holy writings.
- the worship of one god was not for the Jews alone.
- the Jews were a prominent people both inside and outside the roman empire.
JEWISH DISPUTES IN A CHANGING WORLD
- the change began in the second century b.c. when the Greeks started to lose their place as rulers of the lands between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and for the first time since the days of david and Solomon almost a thousand years before a powerful Jewish leader.  

lord to day we had a test

Today in west civ we took the test on the roman emperor's. I think that I did really good but there were a few that I was not sure about. overall I think I did good though.

tomorrows test preperation

Creaser Augustus was the first emperor -
-he built roads, aqueducts and public buildings.
- he started when he was 16 years old and ended when he 70

Jesus-
- Jesus was a Roman citizen and a practicing Jew.
- at age 30 he started his ministry (A.D. 31-33), preaching to the poor in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders.
- statements like "My Kingdom is not of this world" made Romans and the Jews nervous, and they began to  plan his exaction.
- The governor of the Roman province of Judea, Pontius Pilate sentences Jesus to death.

Caligula-
-in addition to being Germanicans' son, he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great nephew which put him next in line for the throne.
- he began to fight with the senate.
- he lost his mind and started to do crazy things like putting statues of himself in Jewish temples for them to worship.
- he claimed to be a god and wanted everyone to worship.

Claudius-
-ostracized by his family because of his destabilizes which were a limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment.
- he was the last adult male in his family after Caligula was killed

Religious trouble-
- romans had many gods, plus at ties the emperor was viewed as a god.
- the western wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines.
- half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians-
- romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor
- especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion.
- often used for "entertainment" purposes in the colosseum
- despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly.

notes on rome

Assassination and Another Caesar-
- Romans at home and abroad applauded Caesar's deeds, but there remained a stubborn core of senators who were disturbed by his successes.
- Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic; instead, his death produced yet another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war.
- Mark Antony and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar, and each managed to attract some of Caesar's legions, which they used to fight a brutal war against each other in Italy.
- Mark Antony's love affair with Queen Cleopatra, one of the last descendants of the Greek rulers of Egypt, made him unpopular in Rome.

CHAPTER 7
THE ROMAN PEACE 30 B.C.- A.D. 235

LO1- The Rule of the Emperors-
- Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus ("Revered One"), the name under which he has gone down in history.

The Augustan Settlement-
- At the time, Augustus did his best to make it seem as if no such historic change was under way.
- He again proclaimed the goal of restoring the Republic.

princeps- "first citizen", a traditional Roman name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic that came to be used by Augustus.   

The Divine Being-
in spite of avoiding Caesar's open exercise of supreme power, Augustus followed the dictators even more arrogant - seeming example of accepting religious worship of himself.

Reform, Reconstruction, and the End of Expansion-
- ensuring peace and stability involved not only changing the way the Roman city-state worked but also reorganizing the whole of Rome's empire.

Permanent Monarchy-
- Augustus was convinced that if Rome's new peace and stability were to last, the changes he had made in its government system must continue after his death.